For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click here. Scientific interest in body modifications continues to grow, and tattoos have recently become a subject of empirical aesthetics. While conceptual structures of tattoo aesthetics have been studied, the question of how tattoos are aesthetically appreciated has not yet been studied. In this study, we examined how tattoos influence the aesthetic appreciation of human stimuli and uncovered differences in beauty perceived by individuals older and younger than 50, which we consider indicative of different internalized social norms, experts tattoo artists and nonexperts, and tattooed and nontattooed individuals. The results suggest overall group differences experts vs. These findings confirm that tattoos influence aesthetic appreciation, which is highly dependent on expertise and social norms as indicated by age. We also discuss the generalizability and implications of the findings. Citation: Weiler SM, Duer C, Krämer D, Jacobsen T Effects of tattoos on the aesthetic appreciation of human stimuli as influenced by expertise, tattoo status, and age reflecting internalized social norms. PLoS ONE 19 12 : e Received: October 31, ; Accepted: November 3, ; Published: December 11, This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Data Availability: Data Availability: The data can be found here: Title: Dataset for: Effects of tattoos on the aesthetic appreciation of human stimuli as influenced by expertise, tattoo status, and internalized social norms. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Tattoos hold a deep cultural significance, which this study aims to explore beyond just their historical and social contexts by focusing on how people aesthetically appreciate them. The reasons for acquiring a tattoo are at least as multifaceted as the motifs and styles of the tattoos themselves [ 310 ]. Tattoos have deep mental functions for their wearers, representing more to them than mere fashion [ 311 ]. The recent Review of Weiler et al. These findings are of particular interest in the context of research on mating choices in evolutionary psychology [e. Nicki Prostituierte Large Amputiert, prior research suggests that perceived physical attractiveness may be influenced by internalized social norms and expertise [ 13 ]. Tattoos, once marginalized in early 20th-century Western cultures [ 3 ], saw a resurgence in popularity from the late s, often symbolizing rebellion and individuality, particularly among subgroups such as bikers [ 1415 ]. This trend towards increasing acceptance continued into the s, described as a second renaissance by DeMello [ 14 ], leading to tattoos becoming widely accepted in some social classes [ 1416 — 22 ]. While tattoos have reached popularity in the Western world, their acceptance varies globally, with some non-Western cultures maintaining restrictive views: South Korea, for instance, has only recently begun to soften its stance on tattoos, still requiring them to be done by certified physicians [ 23 ]. At the same time, even in the Western world, tattooed individuals continue to experience discrimination, stigmatization, repression, and even bans [ 152425 ]. Inthe European Union decided to ban the use of numerous tattoo inks due to the health risks posed by specific ink ingredients [ 26 ], and this ban went into effect at the beginning of [ 26 ]. Many tattooed individuals face discrimination in their personal and professional lives—for instance, they may have lower chances of being hired and are more likely to be judged negatively in job interviews [ 27 ]. Tattooed individuals are particularly disadvantaged in occupations characterized by intense customer contact and a need for trust [ 28 ]. As a consequence of discrimination and career-specific disadvantages, some individuals wear their tattoos in Nicki Prostituierte Large Amputiert hidden manner, or even decide against getting more tattoos [ 29 ]. Sometimes, to avoid further negative experiences, individuals even have their tattoos partially removed [ 30 ]. Regarding expertise, it has been found that experts generally differ from nonexperts in their preference for works of art with higher complexity [e. In a Nicki Prostituierte Large Amputiert study on the conceptual structure of tattoo aesthetics, experts also differed from nonexperts in presenting a clear positivity bias and mentioning terms referring to aesthetic dimensions e. This study posits that expertise in tattooing—characterized by a nuanced appreciation for complexity and artistry—will correlate with higher aesthetic ratings for tattoos, reflecting a deeper understanding of the art form. Building on this basic assumption, the appreciation of tattooed individuals has become the subject of recent psychological research [ 121341 ]. For example, [ 13 ] established an experimental paradigm in which participants were presented with stimuli consisting of photographs of male models with and without tattoos, edited using a raster graphics editor. Participants were then asked to rate the presented stimuli in terms of several attributes, such as personality traits [ 121341 ]. In addition to personality traits, the Nicki Prostituierte Large Amputiert of tattoos on perceived attractiveness has also been investigated [ 1213 ]. Male participants have been found to perceive male tattooed stimuli as more attractive, while female participants showed no difference in their appreciation of the same male tattooed and nontattooed stimuli [ 13 ]. Regarding different intensities of tattoos, no differences have been found in terms of perceived attractiveness [ 12 ]: Stimuli with large tattoos were not perceived as significantly more attractive than stimuli with medium-sized tattoos. Because of the partially conflicting results, it remains unclear whether tattoos increase or diminish aesthetic appreciation. Molloy and Wagstaff [ 12 ] suggested that the type, size, and position of the Nicki Prostituierte Large Amputiert play a Nicki Prostituierte Large Amputiert role in appreciation and may thus affect the replicability of study results. Based on the influence of personality factors, we also explore whether individual differences, such as having tattoos, affect the aesthetic appreciation of tattoos, hypothesizing that tattooed individuals will have a more favorable view. The appreciation of tattooed individuals has been studied in various contexts over the last two decades [e. It has also been found that members of older generations are more critical and discriminatory towards tattooed individuals and rate them as less intelligent and sincere [ 43 ].
Encyclopedia of Human Behavior. Ein Nein reicht nicht. Berlyne DE, McDonnell P, Nicki RM, Parham LCC. Roye A, Höfel L, Jacobsen T. New York: Routledge;
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Frau dazu bringem mehr sex zu machtm. Anhänger. Sex nach geburt schmerzen scheidenriss Amputation fetisch.. Alles amateure warum die kreisliga unsere wahre liebe ist. Prostituierte schwanger strich. RoboCT systems are commonly used for either flexible 2D inspection of large areas or 3D inspection of small areas in large objects. Helene. Dirty gangbang shemales vids? Nicki von Wildeliebe-Rauffenburg (Erich von Stroheim) verliebt sich die. This study introduces a. Ihre Finger müssen amputiert werden, da sie mit giftiger Farbe Kinderspielzeug bemalt. Koblenz latex sex nikki.Tattoos, once marginalized in early 20th-century Western cultures [ 3 ], saw a resurgence in popularity from the late s, often symbolizing rebellion and individuality, particularly among subgroups such as bikers [ 14 , 15 ]. Early Hum Dev. Cohen J. J Psychophysiol. J Open Source Softw. In , the European Union decided to ban the use of numerous tattoo inks due to the health risks posed by specific ink ingredients [ 26 ], and this ban went into effect at the beginning of [ 26 ]. Contact Dermatitis. Los Angeles: Museum of Cultural History, University of California, Los Angeles; Allport GW. Wie Feministinnen gemeinsam mit Opfern dieser Ideologie die Gefahr noch abwenden konnten. Front Hum Neurosci. Tattoo, piercing: decoration? Tattoos and body piercings in the United States: A national data set. Manag Serv Qual Int J. This further supports the robustness of our sample size. Preferences for rates of information presented by sequences of tones. Van Hoover C, Rademayer C, Farley CL. We found the strongest difference in the Extreme condition: Experts not only assigned a higher rating to this condition than nonexperts, but also rated the stimuli in this condition higher than the stimuli in all other manipulation conditions. In: Cash T, editor. Borkenhagen A, Mirastschijski U, Petrowski K, Brähler E. Fig 1. Empörung über Hamburger Urteil! We conducted a survey using the online survey portal Unipark , starting on Tattooing and High-Risk Behavior in Adolescents. It should be noted that the tattooed models that were rated in the present study were 24 and 30 years old. Zestcott et al. Swami V, Harris AS. Natural Orifice Specimen Extraction Surgery versus Conventional Laparoscopic-Assisted Resection in the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer: A Propensity-Score Matching Study. After the shoots, the photographs were edited by the photographer, and skin blemishes, lesions, and pigmentation were removed using a raster graphics editor. Die Schweizerinnen kämpfen für ein neues Sexualstrafrecht. Swami V. Required Sample Size to Detect the Mediated Effect. Sociodemographic data and relevant variables for aesthetic appreciation and tattoos were collected, including age, gender, employment status, and sexual orientation [ 47 ], being tattooed, and how many tattoos each participant had. Rapp M. J Hosp Tour Res.
